Introduction: The Oils and fats are considered as one of the most valuable nutrients, rich sources of energy and important precursors in the body's metabolic processes. These compounds play an important role in providing essential fatty acids and fat-soluble nutrients needed by the body. In addition to biological and nutritional role, lipids are important in food processing, determining the quality and organoleptic properties of food products. Edible oils containing high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids) are highly susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation of the oil leads to a loss in its organoleptic properties, nutritional value and shelf life, as well as a negative effect on the health of consumers due to the production of undesirable compounds in the oil. Adding antioxidant compounds to refined oils and fats is a common method used by manufacturers to protect these compounds from adverse changes during the storage and processing of food and to extend the shelf life of foods containing lipid compounds. Taking to account the side effects of the synthetic antioxidants, many efforts have been made to identify and extract the antioxidant compounds from plant sources to be used in food and pharmacy as an alternative for synthetic types. Mentha pulegium (L. ) plant needs to be further studied in terms of antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It is an aromatic plant that grows in many countries and has been considered by various industries, such as food and medicine. This plant is a rich source of natural antioxidants, such as pulegone and other volatile compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of Mentha pulegium (L. ) essential oil in Linseed oil in order to select a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants such as TBHQ. Materials and methods: In this study, Mentha pulegium (L. ) essential oil was extracted by Clevenger (water vapor distillation). Chemical analysis of essential oil by gas chromatography equipped with spectrometer showed approximately 16 different compounds in the essential oil of this plant. Based on the findings obtained from chemical analysis of essential oil, polygon is the most important constituent of essential oil of peppermint plant, which accounts for 51. 4%. The obtained essential oil was used in four levels of concentration (0. 05%, 0. 1%, 0. 2% and 0. 3%) (w/w) to observe its effect on delaying oxidation process in Linseed oil. Its oxidant properties were compared with the effect of synthetic antioxidant TBHQ at the concentration level of 0. 02% by calculating the determination of acid number and peroxide number during time intervals (zero-7-1421-28) days. Results and discussion: The results indicate that the highest peroxide value of 8. 17 (meq/Kg) was related to the control sample on the 28th day and the lowest peroxide value of 3. 83 (meq/Kg) was related to the treatment containing TBHQ on the seventh day. Also, the highest acidity value of 2. 62 was related to the control sample on the 28th day and the lowest acidity value of 1. 88 was related to the TBHQ treatment on the first day. In all treatments of Linseed oil containing Mentha pulegium (L. ) essential oil, the resistance time against oxidation was increased with increasing the concentration of essential oil. This indicates that with increasing the concentration of essential oil, the effect of antioxidant compounds in the essential oil in increasing the stability time of flaxseed oil has been increased. In different treatments of Linseed oil on all days, samples containing Mentha pulegium (L. ) essential oil with a concentration of 0. 3 had the lowest number of peroxide and after those treatments containing 0. 2 and 0. 1, respectively, showed less resistance to oxidation. The treatment containing TBHQ was less resistant to the oxidation process than these three treatments. Among the treatments, the highest number of peroxides in all days was related to the control sample, which is due to the lack of antioxidants and thus the increase of free radicals in this treatment. The above findings can be inferred from changes in acid number during the experiments. Conclusion: Since Mentha pulegium (L. ) essential oil has unique properties, several applications can be attributed to it,So that this natural effective substance can be a suitable alternative to artificial preservatives due to its role of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and increasing the shelf life of food products. Also, the essential oils of this plant are considered as powerful antioxidants due to their phenolic compounds, so they can be considered as a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants whose adverse effects on humans have been proven. On the other hand, the constituents of this essential oil, which are mainly monoterpenes, have a pleasant aroma, and this aromatic plant can be used in various industries to create the desired natural aroma. According to the results obtained from both acid number and peroxide number tests, Mentha pulegium (L. ) oil in high concentrations showed a comparable antioxidant effect with the treatment containing TBHQ and can be considered as a suitable alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

Purpose: Nutritional quality and oxidation stability are two main factors in the evaluation of edible oils. Oils in their pure form do not have an ideal fatty acid composition or suitable oxidative stability during processing or storage. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the chemical, nutritional and rheological properties of oil mixtures in three ratios of olive: sesame: linseed, 65: 30: 5; 60: 30: 10 and 55: 30: 15. Acidity value, peroxide value, rancimat test, fatty acid profile, nutritional indexes and rheological properties of the oil blends were determined. The nutritional quality was determined by indexes, including the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexs; the ratios of hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic; poly unsaturated fatty acid: saturated fatty acid and the ω 6: ω 3. Results: The results indicated that blending of other vegetable oils with linseed oil could balance ω 6: ω 3. Results showed that formulated oils had a good balance of oxidation stability and nutritional properties as well. Rheological data showed that these oil blends followed Newtonian behavior at 4° C and 25° C. Conclusion: According to the results, addition of linseed oil to vegetable oils containing high levels of bioactive compounds was a simple and economic practice to obtain a functional oil with good nutritional and stability properties.

This study highlights the utilization of linseed oil epoxy (LOE) (a product from a sustainable resource), to obtain blends of LOE with polystyrene (PS) forming tough and flexible free-standing films. The blends were prepared by mechanical mixing of the requisite amounts of the two components in the weight ratios of LOE/PS are 85/15, 65/35, 55/45, 45/55, 35/65, and 15/85 through a solution method by mixing in tetrahydrofuran. Free-standing films of the blend were cast. The miscibility of the two components in a solution phase was investigated by reduced as well as relative viscosities and density measurements while the miscibility in a solid phase was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At all the concentrations, calculated values of reduced viscosity were found to be higher than the observed values of the reduced viscosity for the blends with 15-85 wt% of PS. Viscosity measurements reveal that miscibility occurs between the composition range of LOE/PS 85/15 to 45/55. At composition LOE/PS 35/65, phase inversion takes place which indicates the onset of immiscibility of the two components in the solution phase. The immiscibility of the two compositions at this composition (LOE/PS 35/65) is also shown by the SEM micrographs which exhibits two distinct phases. The mechanical properties of LOE/PS blend films were found to match with LDPE at composition LOE/PS 65/35. The potential applications for such sustainable resource based blend include packaging films and production biodegradable plastic sheets which can be formed into products such as bio-bags.

Background and Objectives: Wood is a natural material used in the construction of various wooden structures. Wooden structures are weathered and surfacely damaged by outdoor exposure. Regarding the use of wood as outdoor furniture, floorings, parquets and wooden wallboard in wooden houses, some properties such as hardness, scratch resistance, and abrasion are important. In this study, the effect of accelerated weathering on the abrasion resistance of Populus nigra, Fagus orientalis and Quercus castaneifolia was studied. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, wood samples were cut to standard dimensions of 2×10×15 cm (L×R×T) and the surfaces of wood samples were coated with linseed oil (100 ml\m2). The coated samples were kept in an accelerated weathering machine for 2 weeks and then, by Taber test and Confocal laser microscope, the abrasion resistance and topography of the wood surfaces before and after weathering were investigated. Results: The results of this study showed that, due to weathering, the wear resistance of all wooden species decreased and the most resistance among them was related to oak with the weight loss of 1. 7 grams. Also, the results showed that the amount of abrasion index reduced by 28, 38, and 18 percent for poplar, beech, and oak, respectively. The lowest and highest abrasion resistance after weathering were related to the poplar and oak and the results of the confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that, in the poplar, beech, and oak the abrasion depth was 201, 183, and 136 (μ ), respectively. Conclusion: The increase in oak wear resistance to other species can be due to higher specific gravity. The use of linseed oil coating reduces water absorption, on the other hand, reduces friction and makes the surface of the wood lubricate. In addition, the increase in weight loss after weathering is due to the higher absorption of uncoated samples than the coated samples, which causes faster and easier destruction of the wood structure. Based on the results of the laser microscope and wear depth study, the coating with linseed oil has been able to reduce the wear depth and increase the wear resistance. According to the results of this study, linseed oil can be used to increase the resistance of wood structures to abrasion.

Background and Objectives: Flaxseed has been considered as an important functional food due to its high content of α-linolenic acid, lignans, and fiber. Flaxseed has health benefits, such as in reduction of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, and autoimmunity. In the present study, the effects of flaxseed oil on memory retention, was investigated in adult male rats using passive avoidance learning task.Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The animals of control group were intact. The experimental rats intraperitonealy received flaxseed oil at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2ml/kg body weight. Twenty-four hours after training, memory retention was evaluated using passive avoidance learning task. The step-through latency and time in dark compartment was measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunett statistical tests. The level of significance was considered p<0.05.Results: Post-training treatment with flaxseed oil (at doses of 1.5 and 2ml/kg body weight) significantly increased the step-through latency time and significantly decreased the time in the dark compartment compared to the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that flaxseed oil significantly improves the retention memory process.

This paper analyses the VCR (variable compression ratio) engine's performance, combustion, and emission output responses. The experimental results were modelled using the Grey Taguchi method (GTM) for input parameters of compression ratio, load, and fuel blends. The objective is to find the optimal combination of input parameters in the minimum number of experiments for minimum emission, better performance, and combustion parameters. The Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array with GTM is used to get the optimum combination of input parameters. The Taguchi was used to analyze the S/N ratio of experimental data and the gray-based method for optimization of multi-objective to single-objective optimization by assigning the suitable weighting factor to each response. The S/N ratio analysis of grey relational grade (GRG) shows the fuel B10, CR 16, and load at 100% of the optimal input factor level. This optimal level is further confirmed by the TOPSIS method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for input to GRG shows the highest influencing factor is the load with a 52.82% contribution, followed by CR at 28.38%, and fuel at 10.52%. The confirmatory results show an improvement of 56.1%. The novelty of this experimentation was to study feasibility of existing engine for alternative fuel with slight modification. At above optimal conditions, this biodiesel can be used efficiently in an unmodified compression ignition engine.